CCA has been a leader in community-based alternatives to incarceration for over 40 years. We promote reintegrative justice and a reduced reliance on incarceration through advocacy, services, and public policy development in pursuit of civil and human rights.
Alternatives…
The objective of the Alternatives Analysis program (49 U.S.C. 5339) is to assist in financing the evaluation of all reasonable modal and multimodal alternatives and general alignment options for identified transportation needs in a particular, broadly defined travel corridor. The transportation planning process of Alternatives Analysis:
Includes an assessment of a wide range of public transportation or multimodal alternatives, which will address transportation problems within a corridor or subarea.Provides ample information to enable the Secretary to make the findings of project justification and local financial commitment.Supports the selection of a locally preferred alternative.Enables the local Metropolitan Planning Organization to adopt the locally preferred alternative as part of the long-range transportation plan.
Funds may be used to assist State and local governmental authorities in conducting alternatives analyses when at least one of the alternatives is a new new fixed guideway systems or an extensions to an existing fixed guideway system.
As interest in the substitution of harmful chemicals continues to grow in industry, NGOs and the public sector, organisations are seeking guidance on the conduction of alternatives assessment and for the selection of appropriate methods and tools. The OECD is responding to this need by developing guidance documents, sharing experiences through workshops and by collecting available resources.
This guidance aims to identify and outline key considerations for the identification and selection of safer alternatives. It is intended to advance a consistent understanding of the minimum requirements needed to determine whether a chemical alternative is safer than the priority chemical, product, or technology for substitution, independent of the entity performing the assessment or the alternatives assessment framework being used.
This report summarises the main conclusions from the Workshop on Approaches to Support Substitution and Alternatives Assessment, organised in May 2018. The workshop discussed issues such as approaches used to support alternative assessments and substitution; the strengths of the approaches and challenges to design and implementation, the link between innovation and progress in substitution and alternatives assessment; and initiatives to facilitate data sharing and other collaborative efforts.
This report summarises the main conclusions from the Workshop on Alternatives Assessment and Substitution of Harmful Chemicals, organised in May 2015. The workshop discussed the advances in substitution and alternatives assessment; remaining gaps in terms of specific tools that could support substitution and alternatives assessment globally; the usefulness of harmonisation in specific areas; and practices for alternatives assessment and the substitution of chemicals of concerns.
This report includes definitions, principles, frameworks and tools for alternatives assessment, as well as the key drivers and audiences, and it identifies the contribution that OECD can make in this space.
From 1987 to 1992, Florida's Broward County combined interagency collaboration, research, objective screening procedures, non-secure detention alternatives and faster case processing to reduce its detention population by 65%, without any sacrifice of public safety. It saved taxpayers more than $5 million.
An alternatives assessment is a set of tools that manufacturers, product designers, businesses, governments, and other interested parties can use to make better, more informed decisions about the use of toxic chemicals in their products or processes. The IC2 published the first version (v1.0) of the IC2 Alternatives Assessment Guide (Guide), a comprehensive look at the developing science of alternatives assessments, in January 2014. It was the product of 20 months of effort by the IC2's members, who collaborated with businesses and non-governmental organizations on the development of the Guide. The Guide provides assessors with three potential frameworks and sufficient flexibility to allow a wide range of users to conduct an alternatives assessment to replace toxic chemicals in products or processes with safer alternatives. The IC2 released an updated version (v1.1) in January 2017, with substantive changes to the Exposure Module that bring the Guide into closer agreement with the National Academy of Sciences' A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives.
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) used v1.0 of the Guide as a source document during formalization of its alternatives assessment method, documented in A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives. The NAS placed an increased emphasis on comparative exposure assessment, which is used to determine "... if the alternatives would be expected to result in substantially equivalent exposures...". The NAS committee indicated that "... simplified exposure estimates without elaborate exposure modeling can meet the needs of many alternatives assessments".
The first version of the Guide incorporated many of the principles of comparative exposure assessment, and the IC2's recent update to v1.1 clarifies how comparative exposure can be used within the Guide's frameworks to conduct an alternatives assessment.
The IC2 understands the benefits of consistency in alternatives assessments but recognizes that one approach will not work in all situations. The Guide was designed to be very comprehensive and includes three ways in which an alternatives assessment can be conducted.
As part of its continuing effort to provide good alternatives assessment guidance, the IC2 initiated a review of the Guide. A team led by ToxServices created a uniform data set based upon work on alternatives to copper anti-fouling paint conducted by the U.S. and California EPAs. The ToxServices team expanded this work to include chemical hazard assessments of components in several alternatives and split into three independent assessment groups to conduct alternatives assessments as described within the Guide. The intent of this work, however, was not to evaluate alternatives to copper anti-fouling paint but to provide input on how the Guide could be improved. The result of this work, Assessing Alternatives to Copper Antifouling Paint: Piloting the Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse (IC2) Alternatives Assessment Guide, has been released. A number of GreenScreens produced in the course of this project are available through the IC2 Chemical Hazard Assessment Database.
Since 1991, the Federal Transportation Acts have provided funding for transportation alternatives/enhancement activities, through a set-aside from the Surface Transportation Block Grant STBG) program. 2ff7e9595c
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